One Year Ago — Nukes & Secrecy : The Bethe – Feynman Equation

“Height five feet eleven inches, 190 pounds, eyes, blue, black wavy hair, very heavy and receding at forehead, has slight accent and is very precise in speech. Subject arrived at Idlewild airport, NYC, at 12:15 PM, EDST, on flight 935 of TWA. He was carrying a number of white manila envelopes containing manuscripts in German and mathematical formula. Stops have been placed with customs to obtain baggage search when subject arrives. Material obtained … copies of mathematical formulae will be submitted [for translation].”

FBI report on Hans Bethe

“We need science education to produce scientists, but we need it equally to create literacy in the public. Man has a fundamental urge to comprehend the world about him, and science gives today the only world picture which we can consider as valid. It gives an understanding of the inside of the atom and of the whole universe, or the peculiar properties of the chemical substances and of the manner in which genes duplicate in biology. An educated layman can, of course, not contribute to science, but can enjoy and participate in many scientific discoveries which are constantly made. Such participation was quite common in the 19th century, but has unhappily declined. Literacy in science will enrich a person’s life.”

Hans Bethe — Physics Nobel Prize 1967

“I returned to civilization shortly after that and went to Cornell to teach, and my first impression was a very strange one. (…) I sat in a restaurant in New York, for example, and I looked out at the buildings and I began to think, you know, about how much the radius of the Hiroshima bomb damage was and so forth. (…) I would see people building a bridge, or they’d be making a new road, and I thought, they’re crazy, they just don’t understand, they don’t understand. Why are they making new things? It’s so useless.”

Richard Feynman — Physics Nobel Prize 1965

“After World War II, with the Manhattan Project over and the Cold War heating up, the grandfather of the atomic bomb, Professor Hans Bethe, returned to the quiet college town of Ithaca, New York to resume his research. After years of political intrigue and moral dilemma, it was a welcome return to academia. But even at remote Cornell University, an international game of spy-vs-spy would follow Bethe, complete with Soviet agents, a love triangle, and America’s most dangerous secrets.”

Robert Hovden — The Cold War comes to Cornell

October 29 2017 –Richard Feynman and Hans Bethe were theoretical physicists who received the Nobel Prize in 1965 and 1967 respectively. The Bethe – Feynman formula is a physics equation used to estimate the efficiency of an atomic weapon. This equation is widely misunderstood and surrounded by an aura of mysticism. In this post, I will thus take the time to explain how to obtain this formula from elementary ‘undergraduate’ physics. This approach is not discussed by Serber in his Los Alamos primer and, apparently, remains classified to this day. Follow us on Twitter: @INTEL_TODAY

RELATED POST: COLD CASE — Who smeared Richard Feynman? [FBI FILES]

RELATED POST: The Los Alamos Primer — An Introduction

RELATED POST: The Los Alamos Primer — Section I

RELATED POST: The Los Alamos Primer — Section II

RELATED POST: The Los Alamos Primer — Section III

RELATED POST: Was Nobel Prize Pablo Neruda a KGB Agent? [UPDATE]

UPDATE (October 29 2018) — In March 2018, Robert Hovden revealed that Hans Bethe’s records, released publicly through a MuckRock FOIA request and the Central Intelligence Agency’s CREST database, detail how the Soviet Union and the United States deployed spies to follow and befriend the professor as he tried to start a new life after the war.

In 1950, the FBI made Bethe a high-profile target. “Espionage – R file be immediately opened on Hans Albrecht Bethe,” one memo from FBI headquarters ordered, to conduct a “discrete investigation … of his association with Sarant and his possible connection, if any, with the activities of the Rosenberg espionage parallel.”

The FBI trailed Bethe’s every move and produced a flurry of Teletype communications.

“Height five feet eleven inches, 190 pounds, eyes, blue, black wavy hair, very heavy and receding at forehead, has slight accent and is very precise in speech.”… “subject arrived at Idlewild airport, NYC, at 12:15 PM, EDST, on flight 935 of TWA”,… …“he was carrying a number of white manila envelopes containing manuscripts in German and mathematical formula”… “stops have been placed with customs to obtain baggage search when subject arrives”… “Material obtained … copies of mathematical formulae will be submitted [for translation].”

A month later, the FBI would determine that those suspicious smuggled notes “were unclassified studies of the scattering of charged particles.” Bethe’s original notes were not disclosed in the FOIA request.

As the FBI dug deeper, the picture remained the same: Bethe was “a gentleman and … a loyal and patriotic American citizen,” according to his colleagues.

Richard Feynman himself (who had his own FBI run-ins) states he has “great respect for his ability, personality, character, and patriotism.” The Dean of Cornell University describes Bethe as “pure scientist.”

With Bethe’s loyalty reaffirmed, concern shifted to the information he held: How close did Sarant get to what he wanted in the four years he hung around Cornell’s physics department?

PS: I hope to find the time and energy to re-write this post during the winter. I believe that this equation should be taught to undergraduate physics students. Stay tuned!

END of UPDATE

What is the question?

What is the energy released by a core of U-235 compared to the total energy it actually contains?

The Bethe-Feynman formula provides a simple answer to this question based on a set of reasonable assumptions.

The result is NOT accurate as several assumptions are a bit too simple. Nevertheless, it provides a very powerful tool to scale experimental results and design new weapons from known data.

It is of course impossible to know what contribution Bethe made to this work. He was the team leader and already regarded as one of the best physicists ever.

Bethe was often described as the most generous gift of Nazi Germany to the United States.

What is obvious is that Feynman’s fingerprints are all over the place. One part genius and one part magician, this is the Feynman we love and miss so much.

I often wonder: What would Feynman say about that if he was still around?

A clue from ‘Dimensional Analysis’

Let us consider a pure U-235 spherical core of radius R and mass M. Once the chain reaction begins, the pressure quickly builds up and the core expands.

We seek a relation between the energy actually released in the explosion Er, the total energy of the core Et, the properties of the core (R, M) and the maximum expansion delta before the core reaches the second criticality.

The work done is W = Er = F . R while F = M . a (from Newton second law!)

Now, the acceleration is a length divided by the square of a time. Considering the problem at hands, F must be proportional to M . R . alpha^2 where alpha is the multiplicative time. (That is the time scale of the neutron number.) What else?

Thus E r = M . R^2  . alpha^2

So, the efficiency e must be proportional to:  [R^2 . alpha^2 ]  / [E / M]

This simple analysis already reveals the ‘great secret’ of the Bethe-Feynman equation. The efficiency of the yield is proportional to R^2. Double the radius of a tested device, and you will get almost a ten-fold increase in efficiency. Not bad for a few seconds of work!

A simple derivation from the Bethe-Feynman equation

Beyond a certain expansion — say R (1 + delta) — the core becomes sub-critical and the chain reaction stops.

Let us consider a shell of volume dV, thickness dr and area dV/dr. The net outward force due to pressure is (pressure times area) F = dP . dV/dr — with dP the net pressure difference on both sides of the shell — which we write F = dP/dr . dV

Let us now assume that the gradient dP/dr is constant across the core: dp/dr = P/R. Then, F = P/R . dV

Thus we found — by Newton second law! — that:

P = F . R / dV = (rho dV) . (R delta) . alpha^2 . R / dV = rho . R^2 . alpha^2 . delta

Let us approximate the core as an ideal gas expanding adiabatically.

E = P . V / (gamma – 1) where gamma — also known as the Poisson constant — is the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure (CP) to heat capacity at constant volume (CV).

Putting both results together, we obtain that E = [rho . V / (gamma -1)] . R^2 . alpha^2 . delta

E = [ M / (gamma -1)] . R^2 . alpha^2 . delta

The total energy of the core is M . epsilon (where epsilon is the energy per unit of mass)

Thus, the efficiency e is given by the following equation:

$e = \frac {1} {(\gamma - 1) \epsilon} \times R^2 \times \alpha^2 \times \ delta$

And that formula, my friends, is the Bethe-Feynman equation! Actually, one of them… [Because this result remains classified, I have no way of knowing what symbols Bethe and Feynman used and what their final result looks like.]

It is obvious that, as you improve over various assumptions, you will get a more accurate result at the price of a less elegant formula! The key finding is the dependence on R square, which as we have shown, requires no work/formula at all, as it just follows from dimensional analysis!

As Bethe once said: “Feynman was a magician!” This was not meant to be derogatory. Bethe only meant that you never knew how Feynman came to a result.

Well, a wise man once told me that if a magician pulls a rabbit from a hat, you can safely assume that the rabbit was there all along! And thus, in this case, I would bet — pun intended — that Feynman started ‘knowing’ the result which he had derived from dimensional analysis.

Of course, Feynman would never admit that much. Feynman never once wrote neither commented on the technique of dimensional analysis…

That brings us back to Physics Rule N°1:

“Never try to solve a new problem before you know its solution!”

It usually takes some years to understand what this rule actually means. And some people never get it in a lifetime.

Feynman on ‘Democracy & Secrecy’

“I don’t want to [do secret work] because I want to do scientific research—that is, to find out more about how the world works.

And that is not secret; that work is not secret. There’s no secrecy associated with it. The things that are secret are engineering developments which I am not so interested in, except when the pressure of war, or something else like that, makes me work on it. …

Yes, I am definitely anti-working in secret projects. … I don’t think things should be secret, the people developing this. It seems to me very difficult for citizens to make a decision as to what’s going on when you can’t say what you’re doing.

And the whole idea of democracy, it seems to me, was that the public, where the power is supposed to lie, should be informed. And when there’s secrecy, it’s not informed.

Now, that’s a naive point of view, because if there weren’t secrecy, there’d be the Russians who would find out about it. On the other hand, there’s some awfully funny things that are secret.

It becomes secret that we know what the Russians are keeping secret from us, for instance, or something like that. It seems to me that things go too far in the secrecy.”

Hans Bethe: How I met Feynman at Los Alamos

REFERENCES

Revisiting The Los Alamos Primer — Physics Today

The Los Alamos Primer — Original pdf

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The Los Alamos Primer — The Bethe – Feynman Equation

One Year Ago — Nukes &amp; Secrecy : The Bethe – Feynman Equation

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